Max G. Ansbacher's Options Strategies
Almost any method of trading options which has the chance of making an above average return also carries a commensurate high degree of risk. But some practitioners of the arcane art of options trading do manage to do better than others over the years. One such person who has done very well for his clients is Max G. Ansbacher, Chairman of Ansbacher Investment Management, Inc., located in the prestigious Rockefeller Center complex in New York City.
Mr. Ansbacher has a long and distinguished involvement with options. In fact, he is the author of the first book published on the modern form of options, titled The New Options Market, Revised and Enlarged Edition. It was originally written in 1975 and Mr. Ansbacher has been trading options professionally ever since. In addition to this book, which has become one of the all time best selling books on options, he has written two other books on investing, has lectured on options at over 50 investment conferences in both the U.S. and overseas, and is the creator of The Ansbacher Index which is broadcast over the world wide facilities of the CNBC cable network.
He manages accounts for investors in both the U.S. and overseas. What sets Mr. Ansbacher apart from many others is that he has an excellent record of bringing in above average profits for his clients. Since most people who buy options seem to lose money, we asked Mr. Ansbacher what the key was to his success. He replied, Yes, I agree that most people who buy options do seem to lose money. But what many people don't realize is that the money which the options buyers lose, doesn't disappear from the face of the earth. Rather it becomes the profits of the options sellers. And therefore, I concentrate in selling options.
What Mr. Ansbacher was saying is that options trading is actually a zero sum game when one looks at the total overall economic effect. This means that buying and selling options in its total impact on the economy does not either create any money or lose any money (except transaction costs). If the sellers make money, the buyers lose money. And if the buyers make money, then the sellers must lose money.
Since the options buyers tend to be the ones who lose money, it therefore must be true that the options sellers are the ones who make money over the long run. We asked Mr. Ansbacher why this should be true. His answer was, The options buyers tend to be less sophisticated than the sellers. They don't always carefully assess the chances that their stocks will really go up enough to make money when they buy a call. Similarly, if people think a stock or a stock market is going to go down, they often over estimate how much it is going to go down. They will buy a put which is going to lose money unless the stock makes a really unusually large move within a relatively short period of time. These are the options I sell.
Of course there is not an investment program yet invented which makes money on every single trade, and option selling is no exception. When we asked Mr. Ansbacher about this, he said, Certainly there are times when we have losses, but we believe that the probability lies with the sellers. And so we usually find that every loss is matched by many more winners.
Selling options is something which has to be done very carefully, because the risk is high. We asked Mr. Ansbacher what he does to control this risk. He said that the first defense was to control the number of options which he sells. I usually sell only about one fifth the number of options which margin rules permit me to do. The second line of defense is that I use stop loss orders, which in most instances will automatically get me out of the options before the losses rise to a point which I consider unacceptable.
He continued, The most interesting line of defense and the most important from the point of view of making money, is that I sell out-of-the-money options. This means that I sell options which have a strike price which is a distance away from the current price of the underlying security. We should point out that a strike price is the level at which an option becomes effective.
What Mr. Ansbacher means is that if a stock is 100, for example, he will not sell the 100 strike price call, because it is tool likely that the stock will go above 100 and he might lose money. Instead, he might sell the call with a strike price of 120. The stock would have to be above 120 at the option's expiration for the seller of the option to sustain a loss. Obviously it is less likely that a stock will go up 20 points than it will merely go up a few points. So, by selling out-of-the-money options, Mr. Ansbacher is able to shift the probabilities in his favor.
Another major decision which an options trader has to make is whether to be trading calls, which go up in price when a stock goes up, or puts which go up in price when the stock goes down. Mr. Ansbacher said that he makes this decision based upon a number of factors, including his long experience in the field. One of the factors I rely upon, is my own Ansbacher Index. This Index tells me whether the puts or the calls are higher priced. Since I am selling these options, I will generally choose to sell the ones which are higher priced. I believe the Index also gives an indication of which way the stock market is likely to go in the intermediate future. Thus, Mr. Ansbacher can sell options on the stock market which will be profitable for his clients if the market moves as The Ansbacher Index indicates it is likely to do.
The minimum account which Mr. Ansbacher accepts is US$100,000, and he accepts accounts from people residing anywhere in the world. Depending upon the type of account, the investor will receive monthly or quarterly statements giving the exact value of the account. Clients are encouraged to discuss their accounts personally with Mr. Ansbacher.
For more information contact
Ansbacher Investment Management, Inc.
Attn New Clients Information
45 Rockefeller Plaza, 20th Floor
New York NY 10111
telephone (212) 332-3280
fax (212) 332-3283; Attn New Clients Information
Option pricing is based on a variety of factors. There are seven main components that affect the premium of an option. These are:
*The current price of the underlying financial instrument
*The strike price of the option in comparison to the current market price (intrinsic value)
The type of option (put or call)
*The amount of time remaining until expiration (time value)
The current risk-free interest rate
*The volatility of the underlying financial instrument
The dividend rate, if any, of the underlying financial instrument
(Note: * represents the strongest factors)
Each of these factors plays a unique part in the price of an option. In most cases, the first 4 are pretty easy to figure out. The rest are often forgotten or overlooked. However, although they may be a little confusing, each is important. For example, when it comes to trading with options, reviewing volatility levels can help traders determine the right options strategy to employ.
In addition, it is noteworthy to assess the current risk-free interest rate and whether or not a particular stock is prone to the release of dividends. Higher interest rates can increase option premiums, while lower interest rates can lead to a decrease in option premiums. Dividends act in a similar way, increasing and decreasing an option premium as they increase or decrease the price of the underlying asset. Also, if a stock were to pay a dividend, a short seller would be responsible for that payment. This means that a short seller in securities not only has unlimited risk of the stock price rising, but also is responsible for the dividends paid out.
Intrinsic value and time value are two of the primary determinants of an option's price. Intrinsic value can be defined as the amount by which the strike price of an option is in-the-money. It is actually the portion of an option's price that is not lost due to the passage of time. The following equations will allow you to calculate the intrinsic value of call and put options:
Call Options: Intrinsic value = Underlying Stock's Current Price - Call Strike Price Time Value = Call Premium - Intrinsic Value
Put Options: Intrinsic value = Put Strike Price - Underlying Stock's Current Price Time Value = Put Premium - Intrinsic Value
ATM and OTM options don't have any intrinsic value because they do not have any real value. You are simply buying time value, which decreases as an option approaches expiration. The intrinsic value of an option is not dependent on the time left until expiration. It is simply an option's minimum value; it tells you the minimum amount an option is worth. Time value is the amount by which the price of an option exceeds its intrinsic value. Also referred to as extrinsic value, time value decays over time.
In other words, the time value of an option is directly related to how much time an option has until expiration. The more time an option has until expiration, the greater the option's chance of ending up in-the-money. Time value has a snowball effect. If you have ever bought options, you may have noticed that at a certain point close to expiration, the market seems to stop moving anywhere. That's because option prices are exponential-the closer you get to expiration, the more money you're going to lose i f the market doesn't move. On the expiration day, all an option is worth is its intrinsic value. It's either in-the-money, or it isn't.
Say for example you discover a house that you'd love to purchase. Unfortunately, you won't have the cash to buy it for another three months. You talk to the owner and negotiate a deal that gives you an option to buy the house in three months for a price of $200,000. The owner agrees, but for this option, you pay a price of $3,000.
Now, consider two theoretical situations that might arise:
1. It's discovered that the house is actually the true birthplace of Elvis! As a result,the market value of the house skyrockets to $1,000,000. Because the owner sold you the option, he is obligated to sell you the house for $200,000. In the end, your profit is $797,000 ($1,000,000 - $200,000 - $3,000).
2. While touring the house, you discover not only that the walls are chock-full of asbestos, but also that the ghost of Henry VII haunts the master bedroom; furthermore, a family of super-intelligent rats have built a fortress in the basement.
Though you originally thought you had found the house of your dreams, you now consider it worthless. On the upside, because you bought an option, you are under no obligation to go through with the sale. Of course, you still lose the $3,000 price of the option.
This example demonstrates two very important points. First, when you buy an option, you have a right but not the obligation to do something. You can always let the expiration date go by, at which point the option is worthless. If this happens, you lose 100% of your investment, which is the money you used to pay for the option.
Second, an option is merely a contract that deals with an underlying asset. For this reason, options are called derivatives, which means an option derives its value from something else. In our example, the house is the underlying asset. Most of the time, the underlying asset is a stock or an index.
Calls and Puts
CALL OPTIONS
Call
A call is a contractual right to buy 100 shares of a specified stock at a fixed price per share, any time between purchase of the call and the specified deadline in the future.
Call Buyer
The buyer of a call hopes the stock will rise in value, because that will cause the call to rise in value as well. As a result, it can be sold for more money than the original purchase price.
Loss is limited to the premium paid. Profit potential is unlimited.
The call buyer acquires the right from the call seller to purchase 100 shares of the underlying stock at the striking price by paying the seller a premium for the contract.
Such a person would place a “Buy Calls to Open” order with their broker to open a new long call position, and a “Sell Calls to Close” order to close the existing long call position.
Call Seller (Writer)
The seller of a call hopes the stock will fall in value, because that will cause the call to fall in value as well. As a result, it can be bought back for less money than the original sale price.
Loss is unlimited in the case of selling uncovered calls. Profit is limited to the premium.
The call seller grants the call buyer the right to purchase 100 shares of the underlying stock at the striking price by charging the buyer a premium for the contract.
Such a person would place a “Sell Calls to Open” order with their broker to open a new short call position, and a “Buy Calls to Close” order to cover the existing short call position.
PUT OPTION
Put
A put is the opposite of a call. It is a contractual right to sell 100 shares of a stock at a fixed price per share and by a specified expiration date in the future.
Put Buyer
The buyer of a put hopes the stock will fall in value, because that will cause the put to rise in value. As a result, it can be sold for more than it was purchased for.
Loss is limited to the premium paid. Profit is limited to the stock falling to zero.
The put buyer acquires the right from the put seller to sell 100 shares of the underlying stock at the striking price by paying the seller a premium for the contract.
Such a person would place a “Buy Puts to Open” order with their broker to open a new long put position, and a “Sell Puts to Close” order to close the existing long put position.
Put Seller (Writer)
The seller of a put hopes the stock will rise in value, because that will cause the put to fall in value. As a result it can be bought back for less money than the original sale price.
Loss is limited to the stock falling to zero. Profit it limited to the premium received.
The put seller grants the put buyer to sell 100 shares of the underlying stock at the striking price by charging the buyer a premium for the contract.
Such a person would place a “Sell Puts to Open” order with their broker to open a new short put position, and a “Buy Puts to Close” order to cover the existing short position.
How Options Work
1. Options give you the right to buy or sell an underlying instrument.
2. If you buy an option, you are not obligated to buy or sell the underlying instrument; you simply have the right to.
3. If you sell an option and the option is exercised, you are obligated to deliver the underlying asset (call) or take delivery of the underlying asset (put) at the strike price of the option regardless of the current price of the underlying asset.
4. Options are good for a specified period of time, after which they expire and you lose your right to buy or sell the underlying instrument at the specified price.
5. Options when bought are done so at a debit to the buyer.
6. Options when sold are done so by giving a credit to the seller.
7. Options are available in several strike prices representing the price of the underlying instrument.
8. The cost of an option is referred to as the option premium. The price reflects a variety of factors including the current price of the underlying asset, the strike price of the option, the time remaining until expiration, and volatility.
9. Options are not available on every stock. There are approximately 2,200 stocks with tradable options. Each stock option represents 100 shares of a company's stock.